Module 1: Solar PV Fundamentals and Technology Overview
1.1 Solar Resource Assessment
• Solar irradiance types: GHI, DNI, DHI
• Solar mapping tools and software (e.g., PVGIS, Helioscope)

1.2 Photovoltaic Technologies
• Monocrystalline vs. Polycrystalline vs. Thin-Film
• Efficiency, degradation, and temperature coefficients
• Bifacial modules and tracking systems

1.3 PV System Design
• Components: Modules, Inverters, Mounting, BOS
• System sizing, configuration (string vs. central inverters)
• Design software (e.g., PVSyst, Homer)

Module 2: Grid Connection Technologies and Architecture
2.1 Grid-Tied System Configurations
• Net metering vs. gross metering
• Utility-scale vs. distributed generation
• AC vs. DC coupling

2.2 Inverters and Power Electronics
• Grid-following vs. grid-forming inverters
• Reactive power support and voltage ride-through
• Anti-islanding protection mechanisms

2.3 Integration with Energy Storage
• Battery technologies (Li-ion, Flow, Lead-acid)
• Energy Management Systems (EMS)
• Load shifting and frequency regulation

Module 3: Grid Impact and Technical Challenges
3.1 Power Quality and Stability
• Voltage fluctuations, harmonics, and flicker
• Frequency response and black start capabilities

3.2 Grid Code Compliance
• Understanding local grid codes (e.g., IEEE 1547, IEC 61727)
• Protection systems, synchronization, grounding requirements

3.3 SCADA and Remote Monitoring
• Communication protocols (Modbus, DNP3, IEC 61850)
• Real-time monitoring, fault detection, and diagnostics

3.4 Curtailment and Forecasting
• Variable generation and ramp rate management
• Forecasting tools (machine learning, satellite data)

Module 4: Licensing and Regulatory Requirements
4.1 Overview of Energy Regulation
• Roles of national energy regulatory authorities (e.g., ERA, NERSA, PURC)
• Types of licenses: Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Retail

4.2 Licensing Process for Solar Projects
• Application requirements and templates
• Technical, financial, and legal documentation
• Public participation and stakeholder consultation

4.3 Environmental and Social Licensing
• Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
• Grid interconnection environmental guidelines
• Land acquisition and resettlement frameworks

4.4 Interconnection Agreements
• Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs)
• Grid connection contracts and wheeling agreements
• Roles of transmission/distribution utilities

Module 5: Financial, Economic, and Legal Frameworks
5.1 Economic Viability and Project Financing
• CAPEX/OPEX structure of solar projects
• Return on investment (ROI), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)
• Sources of finance: Green bonds, DFIs, climate funds

5.2 Revenue Mechanisms
• Feed-in tariffs (FiTs), auctions, and competitive bidding
• Net billing vs. net metering
• Independent Power Producers (IPP) frameworks

5.3 Legal Considerations
• Contractual risk allocation
• Licensing enforcement and dispute resolution
• Taxation and incentives for solar investments

Module 6: Policy, Planning, and Sectoral Development
6.1 National Renewable Energy Policies
• Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
• Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
• Integrated Resource Plans (IRPs)

6.2 Smart Grid and Demand Response
• Role of digital technologies in solar integration
• Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) and aggregators
• Demand-side management and flexible loads

6.3 Decentralized and Mini-Grid Systems
• Off-grid solar licensing (e.g., for rural electrification)
• Microgrid control strategies
• Productive use of energy (PUE) applications

Module 7: Case Studies and Practical Sessions
7.1 International Case Studies
• Germany’s solar integration model
• South Africa’s REIPPP program
• India’s rooftop and large-scale solar policies

7.2 Simulation and Modeling Exercises
• PV system design in PVSyst or Homer
• Grid impact assessment using DIgSILENT PowerFactory or ETAP
• Licensing application simulation (role play and document review)

7.3 Group Project
• Develop a solar grid integration plan for a selected region
• Licensing workflow, grid compliance, and financial viability
• Presentations and peer evaluation